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Battle of the Masts
The Battle of the Masts (Arabic: معركة ذات الصواري, romanized ''Dhat Al-Sawari'') or Battle of Phoenix was a crucial naval battle fought in 655 between the Muslim Arabs, led by Abdullah bin Sa'ad bin Abi'l Sarh and the Byzantine fleet under the personal command of Emperor Constans II. The battle is considered to be "the first decisive conflict of Islam on the deep."〔Ridpath, John Clark. ''Ridpath's Universal History'', Merrill & Baker, Vol. 12, New York, p. 483.〕
==Background==
In the 650s, the Arab Caliphate finished off the Sassanid Empire and continued its successful expansion into the Eastern Roman Empire's territories. In 645, Abdullah ibn Saad was made Governor of Egypt by his foster brother Rashidun Caliph Uthman, replacing the semi-independent Amr ibn al-Aas. Uthman permitted Muawiyah to raid the island of Cyprus in 649 and the success of that campaign set the stage for the undertaking of naval activities by the Government of Egypt. Abdullah ibn Saad built a strong navy and proved to be a skilled naval commander. Under him the Muslim navy won a number of naval victories including repulsing a Byzantine counter-attack on Alexandria in 646.〔Carl F. Petry (ed.), ''The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume One, Islamic Egypt 640-1517'', Cambridge University Press, 1998, 67. ISBN 0-521-47137-0〕
In 655, Muawiyah undertook an expedition in Cappadocia while his fleet, under the command of Abdullah ibn Saad, advanced along the southern coast of Anatolia. It seems that Emperor Constans considered the naval part of the invasion the more dangerous, for he embarked against it with a large fleet.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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